International researchers will gather at a workshop on Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) on July 13-15 at Wilson Hall.
UAH
The University of Alabama in Huntsville and its Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research (CSPAR) are hosting an international workshop on Terrestrial
Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) on July 13-15 at Wilson Hall.
TGFs are flashes of the most powerful radiation in the universe. In 1994 a NASA/UAH team using the Burst and Transient Source Experiment aboard NASA's
Compton Gamma-ray Observatory discovered bursts of gamma radiation rising from the atmosphere. These flashes were later linked to lightning near the tops
of often fairly mundane thunderstorms.
Topics scheduled for discussion during the workshop include observations and theory, future instruments, atmospheric high-energy radiation phenomena and
related thunderstorm and lightning science.
More information about the workshop is available online at tgf2016.uah.edu.
TGFs have been the subject of intense study since their discovery. A UAH-led study reported in 2014 that there is nothing special about thunderstorms whose
cloud-to-cloud lightning bolts produce flashes of gamma rays.
"These TGFs (terrestrial gamma-ray flashes) can come from any storm," said Dr. Themis Chronis, the study's lead author and a research associate in UAH's
Earth System Science Center. "We saw one TGF come from a weak cloud that no one would have paid any attention to at all. This is our best look yet at TGFs,
and it shows convincingly that storm intensity is not the key."
Merging data from NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) with information from two ground-based Very Low Frequency lightning detection networks and
nine NEXRAD Doppler radar units along the U.S. Gulf Coast and in Guam, the UAH team led by Chronis and UAH's Dr. Michael Briggs studied the characteristics
of two dozen coastal and oceanic storms that produced TGFs.
The production of gamma rays by "garden variety" thunderstorms was not expected, based on early theories that tried to explain the mysterious gamma ray
flashes. In the new study, TGFs were detected coming from storms that ranged from deep to marginal in convective strength.
While these bursts of atmospheric gamma rays may be more common than early observations indicated, the specific physical mechanisms and storm traits needed
to produce lightning powerful enough to produce gamma rays are not well understood.
"We see the TGFs come from the highest part of the storm, between seven and nine miles high," Chronis said. "One hypothesis is that there is a selection
effect: If the lightning is produced at a lower level deep in the atmosphere, the gamma rays are like a bullet stuck in Kevlar. They are blocked by the
atmosphere, so we don't detect them.
"But if they are high enough in the storm, then the gamma rays can escape into space where they can be detected by the satellite instrument. So the
question is this: Is there a specific type of intracloud (IC) lightning that produces gamma rays, or does every IC produce a TGF?"
New detection methods developed by a team led by Briggs, who is assistant director of CSPAR and deputy principal investigator of the GBM team, made NASA's
Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor 10 times more effective at detecting TGFs, although that is not what it was designed to do.
Using the new detection data, the team estimates storms produce about 1,100 TGFs every day, although the satellite's limited view of the Earth means a
small fraction of those are detected. That estimate might be low if low-altitude lightning also produces gamma-ray flashes.
Previously, TGF positions could only be estimated using Fermi's location at the time of the event. With the instrument able to detect TGFs within about 500
miles (800 km) of the spacecraft, that was not precise enough to link a TGF to a specific storm.
"As a result of our enhanced discovery rate, we were able to show that most TGFs also generate strong bursts of radio waves like those produced by
lightning," said Briggs. Ground-based lightning networks use radio data to pin down strike locations, which means scientists can use those networks to
determine which storms produce gamma-ray flashes.
The study started with 2,279 TGFs detected by the satellite instruments, then used lightning detection networks to pinpoint source locations. That helped
narrow the sample to 24 TGFs that occurred near advanced NEXRAD Doppler radar units. The Doppler data helped UAH scientists study the structure and
development of each storm that produced a TGF.
And there was no smoking gun, no common or distinctive trait that would link those storms or set them apart from storms that don't produce TGFs.
In addition to gamma rays, Briggs reported in 2011 the Fermi instrument also detected beams of anti-matter produced above thunderstorms. Briggs' team
includes scientists from NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, UAH, the Max-Planck Institute in Germany, University College Dublin and other researchers
worldwide.